The relationship between famous character actor Dame Margaret Rutherford and transwoman author Dawn Langley Simmons was undoubtedly an alliance of eccentrics, formed in 1960 and developed outside the status quo. What “queers” this alliance, making it not only more unique but also pre-Stonewall significant, is how the two challenged gender norms and blurred sexual identity categories just by being themselves.
Transsexualism is no mere eccentricity, of course, but the perception of Simmons as eccentric was magnified by her out-of-the-closet role as one of the first transsexuals to undergo sex reassignment surgery, directly after which she took on another then-shocking role as the first white woman in South Carolina to marry a black man. The perception of Rutherford as eccentric was magnified by a longtime spinster aura and a late marriage to an equally eccentric fellow actor with a similarly vague sexuality. Not having children of their own, they “adopted from the heart” certain talented outsiders whom they admired, most prominently the British expatriate Simmons when she was still living as Gordon Langley Hall.
Rutherford and Simmons — their individual stories are as remarkable as their intersecting story, culminating in Simmons’ biography of “Mother Rutherford” that was published in 1983, a decade after Rutherford’s death.
Dame Margaret Rutherford (1892-1972)
Rutherford was an eccentric known for playing eccentrics, usually comic spinsters or quirky aunts like Madame Arcati in Blithe Spirit (1945), Miss Prism in The Importance of Being Earnest (1952), and Jane Marple in Murder, She Said (1961) and its sequels. She was a master at bringing sincerely realized comedy to even the most fleeting incidents, her large, unpretentious face registering the subtlest shifts in expression. The Observer said she could act with her chin alone, while a Tatler review declared: “To see her Madame Arcati get up from an armchair is a lesson in eccentric observation.”
Success was hard-won for Rutherford. Spending her adult years until 33 taking care of the saintly “old maid” aunt who’d raised her, Rutherford was considered an old maid herself by the time she joined London’s Old Vic repertory company in 1925, living on her aunt’s bequest. Her plain looks, and her own indifference to them, rendered conventional lead roles out of reach, as did her gaining shape (compared to a padded windmill) and her combination vigorous / genteel physicality.
Rutherford did not take on her most iconic stage and screen roles until her late 40s and early 50s. Between ages 69 and 72, her role as a pill-popping duchess in The VIPS (1963) earned a Best Supporting Oscar and her four Jane Marple comedies (1961-’64) upped her from national treasure in England to international star, Time magazine naming her “funniest woman alive”. No wonder the British Empire honored her with an official Dame title, putting her in the league of other Dame-honored actors like Edith Evans, Maggie Smith, and Judi Dench.
William J. Mann’s carefully researched history of gays and lesbians in classic Hollywood, Behind the Screen (2001), claims that on the screen “the true counterpart to the male sissy is not the tomboy but the old maid” with her “intertextual impression of queerness”. Applied to Rutherford, as to her characters, terms like old maid and spinster are always potentially but never necessarily code for lesbian. It’s reasonable to make the link, with biographers having found no evidence of romance prior to Rutherford meeting husband Stringer Davis. Even then, Andy Merriman describes their 15-year courtship as sporadic and “decidedly lukewarm”.
Only after WWII, and more importantly after Davis’s controlling mother passed away, did the two marry; Rutherford was 53 and Davis 46. Eight years into their marriage, Rutherford’s sudden yet unrequited love for a pianist named Malcolm Troup prompted a nervous breakdown and six-month institutionalization. Ironically, her non-affair served only to fortify the bond with Davis.
Margaret Rutherford and Stringer Davis in Murder at the Gallop (1963)
British actor Sarah Miles described the couple as “so much in love with each other”, adding: “They’d have to be. Stringer had the habit of reading poems out loud all the time, his own poems, naturally, and Stringer, bless his heart, was no poet.” Beyond their separate bedrooms, he went everywhere Rutherford went, warranting the nickname Stringalong. Even those who deemed theirs a “lavender marriage” believed them suited and their loyalty absolute. Asexual or perhaps profoundly innocent may better describe them. In a delightful one-person drama from 1993 called A Night to Remember, with actor Timothy Spalling playing Rutherford, she reflects on her honeymoon and informing Stringer that he’s found not her “yin”, but her navel.
It should be obvious how it’s not obvious, in other words, how Rutherford’s queerness defied both heterosexual and homosexual categories. Even if not gay, per se, Time Out London insists Rutherford should be considered a gay icon, the article barely touching on the complex degree to which her career entwined with the careers of prevailing gay and lesbian figures.
The Old Vic, where Rutherford started, was operated by spinster Lilian Baylis whom historian Rosemary Auchmuty sees as central to a major lesbian theater network. Binkie Beaumont gave Rutherford’s career a leg up in the mid-’30s; he was rumored to control a theater-world “gay mafia” that privileged gay talent. John Gielgud and Anthony Asquith, both gay, directed Rutherford in stage and film versions (respectively) of The Importance of Being Earnest, penned by the most famous homosexual of all time Oscar Wilde.
In the early ’40s, Noel Coward — the most famous homosexual of his own time — enlisted Rutherford to play Madame Arcati in his hugely successful play Blithe Spirit and its classic film adaptation. Asquith would direct Rutherford again in The VIPS, for which she won her Oscar. It’s noteworthy that, according to Simmons, female impersonators loved to impersonate Rutherford as they did Bette Davis and Mae West. This is probably because Rutherford stood just as iconic if not so glamorous, layered in her woolen capes, intrepid scarves, and clunky jewelry.
Gay men, out and not out to varying degrees, were important to Rutherford’s social life as well as her career. Dreadnought with Good Manners (2009), Andy Merriman’s biography of Rutherford, speaks of her in the early ’40s as a regular guest of decadent aristocrat Stephen Tennant, at whose manor she spent time with writers E.M. Forster, L.P. Hartley, and Siegfried Sassoon, as well as actor-director John Gielgud. Tennant fixated on Rutherford but proved catty and disloyal, unlike Ivor Novello whose affectionate term for her was always Big Sister. Novello is remembered for composing the ubiquitous WWI anthem “Keep the Home Fires Burning” and starring in Hitchcock’s thriller The Lodger (1923). Rutherford and Davis attended many of Novello’s garden parties, which could last for days. His evening parties were pure opulence and Merriman writes of Rutherford’s attendance:
[As Ivor] opened the front door to her, revealing ornate furnishings, twinkling lights and, in the background, Noel Coward, Siegfried Sassoon, and a host of matinee idols among an array of impossibly beautiful young men, Margaret gasped with excitement, “Oh Ivor! It’s enchanting. It’s like a fairyland.”
Given how Rutherford was drawn to gay men, and they to her, a “lavender marriage” to Stringer Davis is even more plausible. The closest thing to evidence that Davis was homosexual, however, seems more romantic than sexual in nature. Simmons, in her biography of Rutherford, notes how John Gielgud “was the man Stringer most admired throughout his life” and that Stringer died with a “treasured letter” from Gielgud in his pajama pocket, a letter that was buried with Davis: “We never knew the contents,” says Simmons.
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To get a sense of Rutherford and Stringer Davis as a pair, view their chummy antics in the Jane Marple movies. Davis played bit parts in 24 of Rutherford’s films, and a few of her plays too, but his winning role as Marple’s sidekick — a bachelor librarian named Jim Stringer — had to be written in especially for him, not original to Agatha Christie’s novels. Miss Marple (often wearing clothes from Rutherford’s own wardrobe) alongside Mr. Stringer strikes an obvious parallel to the actors playing them. He may seem her “timorous aide”, to quote a New York Times review, yet, as in life by her side, his watchfulness is keen and his devotion unreserved.
Throughout their marriage, Davis proved his devotion to Rutherford again and again as she suffered repeated breakdowns. Mental illness was the deep dark secret in Rutherford’s family, with her mother hanging herself and her father dying in an insane asylum — facts never made public in her lifetime, not even in her autobiography. Rutherford herself suffered what would now be called bipolar disorder, spending days, weeks, and sometimes months in nursing homes where she was subjected to electroshock treatments (ECT) — facts spun as byproducts of the actor’s life with its emotionally intense ups and downs.
Rutherford achieved great success despite her struggle with mental illness, and to a degree because of it. She told a BBC interviewer: “Every great clown has been very near to tragedy, you know?” In her final years, alas, it was Alzheimer’s disease to which she succumbed. Davis attended to her until her death in 1972, at age 80. About a year later, at age 74, he died in his sleep.
They were survived by Simmons, who never failed to remind the world that she was their adopted daughter.
Dawn Langley Simmons (1922-2000)
Dawn Langley Simmons began life as Gordon Langley Hall, born out of wedlock and raised by a grandmother in Sussex, England. Gordon’s parents did marry, eventually, and over summers he visited them at the Sissinghurst Castle in Kent where they were employed as servants.
To this day, Sissinghurst remains as famous for its exquisite gardens as it is for its original gardeners: authors Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicholson. They designed the gardens, wrote many books in their respective towers, and enjoyed an open marriage that allowed for same-sex pursuits, most noteworthy being Sackville-West’s affair with Virginia Woolf. Simmons’ posthumous biography, by Edward Ball, refers to Sissinghurst as a “childhood playground” for Gordon, where the wealthy and the famous “strode around like giants”. Simmons’ own autobiography describes it as “the Tudor castle where eccentricities and strange unnatural loves seemed perfectly normal.”
Sissinghurst constitutes Simmons’ origin story on two levels, foremost being gender identity. Sackville-West, androgynous and six feet tall, seemed godlike to effeminate, sprite-like Gordon, nicknamed Dinky by the Nicholson children. Sackville-West may have seemed magical too, given how the title character in Woolf’s Orlando (1928), who changes from male to female, was modeled after her. The novel, available at the library for Gordon to attempt reading, gave him “a strange, new courage” according to Simmons’ autobiography; years later the novel served as a guiding star during Gordon’s transition to Dawn, who deemed herself a real-life Orlando.
Woolf and Sackville-West also figure into Simmons’ origin as a writer. Indeed, her autobiography opens with young Gordon meeting Woolf on the castle grounds and being asked what he wants to be when he grows up. His unhesitating answer is “A writer.” Sackville-West and Nicholson both encourage Gordon toward writing, emphasizing the value of research. As with Gordon’s comprehension of Orlando, the writer-as-lifelong-calling narrative seems not unlikely but a touch too dramatically perfect. The more vital point, nevertheless, is how these narratives serve Simmons on her path to becoming a woman and to becoming a writer, specifically a transwoman biographer of famous women including Princess Margaret, five First Ladies (e.g., Mary Todd Lincoln), and Dame Margaret Rutherford.
As heroes, as allies, as patrons, and as book subjects too, women informed Gordon’s life in substance and direction. He sainted his grandmother who died in 1941, when he was 19, after which he was taken in by a local dowager. Upon immigrating to Canada in 1946, to teach on an Ojibway reservation, he befriended one of the tribe’s quirkier grandmothers and, in time, transformed the adventure into his debut book Me Papoose Sitter, a comic memoir. Gordon had moved to New York City by the time it was published in 1955, working as an editor until taken under the wing of spinster heiress Isabel Whitney, descendant of the cotton gin’s Eli Whitney and in her own right an esteemed painter. She invited him to share her 40-room mansion off Fifth Avenue, upgrading his life overnight.
Meanwhile in England, Rutherford so admired Me Papoose Sitter that she decided to seek out the author during her next visit to New York. Rutherford bonded instantly with “the child”, as she called 40-year-old Gordon; upon learning Isabel Whitney hadn’t long to live, she and Stringer Davis adopted him “from the heart” if not legally.
Gordon Langley Hall inherited two million dollars from Isabel Whitney and, in 1962, moved to Charleston, South Carolina, where he restored a three-story house on Society Street, loading it with antiques, artworks, and too many animals. Finding himself alone in a humid bubble of wealth, nurturing a fantasy of his own Sissinghurst in the tall-tale South, he namedropped his way into the dowager-powered high society while testing the discretion of the city’s so-called gay aristocracy. Within a few years, however, Dawn emerged and, as a Newsweek article proclaimed, she shook the very cradle of the Confederacy. This resulted in Charleston’s backlash and, two and a half decades later, justified the title of Simmons’ autobiography Dawn: A Charleston Legend.
Legend is the right word, too, meaning both a long-acknowledged person of note and a story that’s likely to be part myth. Edward Ball’s biography from 2004 exposed Simmons’ autobiography from 1995 as a web of truth, denial, and fantasy. Of course her experience is no less legitimate because, as a coping mechanism, she embroidered idealistic narratives around it; there’s truth to be found in her lies, sense to be made of her contradictions, and bravery to be seen in her downfall.
For starters Simmons, in her autobiography, tells the story not of a transsexual but an intersexual, claiming to have been born with anomalous genitalia and mistakenly identified as male. According to a Johns Hopkins surgeon who participated in her sex reassignment, however, Simmons was born a “physically normal male”. So Simmons, in anticipation of the transition, narratively retrofitted her entire youth with a physical deformity (including “irregular bleedings”) that had been kept hidden all those years. Given how effeminacy registers bodily, how gender dysphoria and internalized homophobia are felt viscerally, Simmons’ revision is not the stretch it may sound to many cisgender people. True and yet Simmons often cannot tell a story without compounding the drama. In this case, Gordon found by his maid one morning, semi-conscious in a pool of hemorrhaged menstrual blood, makes for a turning-point tableau. A gynecologist tells Gordon of an obstructed vagina and that he will die without surgery, or so the story continues, rhetorically inducing a biological imperative.
It’s vital to remember that no “sex change” had been performed in the US until 1965, after a decade of backlash against Christine Jorgenson who underwent procedures in Denmark. The Gender Identity Clinic at Johns Hopkins, where Gordon underwent reassignment, was not formed until 1966. So Gordon had no established narrative for coming out as trans; not even the lesbian-gay “coming out” narrative would begin to take form until the late ’60s (one of the first literary manifestations being Rubyfruit Jungle in 1973). Jorgenson headlines had provoked such flippant contempt that her narrative, summed up by the New York Daily News as “Ex-GI Becomes Blonde Beauty”, may not have seemed viable. Dawn’s best shot at being socially accepted was to seem passive to her fate, the public less likely to condemn her if thinking God meant her to be female from the start.
Cynics contend that Gordon became Dawn to appease a heterosexual beau. Motivating the transition and wholly inspiring it are not the same, however, and Edward Ball discovered that Dawn went through with the surgery against her beau’s will. Far more than the sex change, to which locals adapted begrudgingly, what truly rocked Charleston was her subsequent marriage to said beau John-Paul Simmons, an African-American mechanic whom news stories misreported as Dawn’s butler. Dawn claiming pregnancy and producing a biracial newborn were like aftershocks, leaving her a town pariah with dashed fantasies of being a Southern belle.
Dawn Langley Simmons and John Paul Simmons at their wedding thrown by Margaret Rutherford in England (1969)
Her pregnancy was doubted in Charleston but no one knew that she’d paid $1,000 for the infant, or that Natasha was actually John-Paul’s baby with another woman. Dawn formed an archetypal bond with Natasha that grew more real and deeper every year, particularly as amiable John-Paul proved to be not only an absent father and womanizer, but also a sporadically violent schizophrenic who’d spend decades in and out of mental health facilities.
On its own, setting aside the untruth, controversy, and turmoil, Simmons’ transition can be seen as a basic success, never regretted. Prior to the women’s rights movement, alas, successfully being a woman meant being successful in only gender-appropriate ways. Strong and unconventional women had inspired Simmons, yet she was still susceptible to gender norms, rejecting slacks for a conservative First Lady look. Journalist and native Charlestonian Jack Hitt, in a GQ article, remembers her as “a dowdy doppelganger of Jackie Kennedy” in her “pillbox hat and Dippity-Do hairstyle”.
Simmons’ biography of Kennedy (published 1964) is revealing in how it admires the gender-normative parent-child dynamics that defined Jackie’s respectable youth, encouraging Jackie as an adult to deem “happiness and husband synonymous”. Simmons’ revised backstory allowed her to seem essentially female, which she warped into claims of feminine respectability: it was John-Paul who pursued her, she lied, and he pursued her only after transition, and prior to vaginal sex with her husband she’d led a sexless life. She could not idealize John-Paul’s behavior after their marriage; people knew he beat her and squandered her money. She clung to her longsuffering wife role, no matter. Edward Ball describes her as a female masochist who “kept up her marital vows like a stockade” while simultaneously having to protect child Natasha.
During and after the “pregnancy”, Simmons found herself a target of laughter and violence, alienated by all of white Charleston. With her money tapped as of 1971, and her Society Street house foreclosed, she re-homed her housetrained pig and moved with Natasha into a series of rundown rentals. She and Natasha were accepted into the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, the oldest AME church in the South, which provided them community. For the rest of her life, Dawn served as a mother and grandmother above all else. She was living in Charleston, a short distance from Natasha’s apartment, when she died at age 77.
Simmons never became a successful author, out of touch with the times as Edward Ball suggests, but she continued to write. She wrote her life five times, no less: three autobiographies (1970, 1975, and 1995), a thinly veiled novel titled She-Crab Soup (1993), and a children’s book laying claim to Sissinghurst (1997). In the novel, which is good and campy, John-Paul’s character Big Shot dies a hero early on, prior to ever wreaking havoc, and the British expatriate protagonist, named Miss Gwendolyn, is a woman all along, never having to transition.
Journalist and storyteller Jack Hitt, who featured a story about Simmons on This American Life, opened his one-person show from 2012, Making Up the Truth, with childhood recollections of Charleston during Simmons’ most controversial years. Hitt credits Simmons with helping him to realize that a narrative is not static but an improvisation toward a central truth.
The Intersecting Story: A Queer Alliance
Lives so brimming with eccentricity, queerness, and willpower must be few. That Rutherford and Simmons found each other is pretty amazing. What did their alliance mean, though, the nature of their bond and the specific impact each had on the other?
Simmons’ own mother never wanted to be called mother, but “Mother Rutherford” did not mind. After all she liked to call Simmons “child”. Stringer Davis played “Father” avuncularly and advised John-Paul on being a “background husband”. Still, at first, I couldn’t help but hear “Mother Rutherford” as pretentious. Simmons’ author bios refer to her as Rutherford’s adopted daughter, which seems conspicuous, and in her title for an article about John-Paul’s mental illness she refers to herself as “Actress’s Daughter”, which seems beside the point. Then I ask myself why shouldn’t she, as a writer, make use of connections to gain a wider readership, especially with her career unstable, her topics not so profitable, and her publishers increasingly small.
Rutherford played a more direct role in Simmons’ transition and marriage, drawing positive attention to the unfolding saga as it played out in headlines on both sides of the Atlantic. According to Simmons’ autobiography, Rutherford told Simmons, post-reassignment, that she’d always wanted a daughter. Andy Merriman’s biography of Rutherford quotes a more complex reply: “Stringer and I are utterly baffled by your letter. Our main instinct is to congratulate you upon having come through your great ordeal.” They empathize with Dawn’s suffering and end: “Our love for you could never change; be assured of this.” There’s no corroborating evidence that Father Stringer privately asked Dawn never to look down on Gordon, “who over the years was very brave”, but it is a most tender moment in an autobiography that readily bends nonfiction into idealism or fantasy.
When Rutherford heard that Dawn and John-Paul could not marry in a Charleston church due to bomb threats, marrying instead at the house on Society Street, she arranged for a second ceremony at St. Clements Church in Sussex, England, where press filled the choir loft. Rutherford and Davis sent out invitations requesting “the honour of your presence at the blessing of the marriage of their adopted daughter.” Though not the mature Sidney Poitier they’d imagined, they embraced John-Paul — 26 years younger than Dawn and uneducated — as a family member. That autumn day in 1969 satisfied Dawn’s “greeting-card idea of a woman’s finest hour”, as Edward Ball writes: “By feeding this craving, the blessing of her marriage by the Church of England gave Dawn at least one day of happiness.”
Rutherford died in spring of 1972. Simmons could not be present for the funeral, with Natasha only six-months-old, but she spent time with Father Davis that summer. He confided to her about the Rutherford family secret, which had tormented his wife throughout her life. Rutherford’s father, experiencing a psychotic break, crushed his own father’s skull with a Staffordshire chamber pot and then attempted suicide by cutting his throat, thereafter committed to Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum. Years later, Rutherford’s mother hung herself from a tree in the garden. Records proved all of this and Simmons positioned it as chapter one of her Rutherford biography, published in 1983 with Rutherford’s epitaph as its title: A Blithe Spirit.
Andy Merriman in his biography of Rutherford is harsh on Simmons, asserting that her biography of Rutherford is “self-serving” and “based on a major deceit”. Self-serving may ring true, but he never explains what he means by major deceit. He cites her biography several times throughout his, in only one case qualifying a Simmons anecdote as fanciful. By deceit, Merriman could mean her lies about being intersexual and pregnant. More likely he means Simmons exposing the Rutherford family shame. But is it deceit, since both Rutherford and Davis had been dead a decade when the biography was published? The sordid details did shock the world, but they’d have been unearthed in time and Rutherford’s father would still be listed, as it is now, on the Wikipedia page for Broadmoor under “Notable Patients” (along with the Chocolate Cream Poisoner, gangster Ronald Kray, and OED-contributor W.C. Minor who cut off his own penis). At least Simmons’ account of the family history is compassionate, and society has become less stigmatizing of mental illness — for the privileged anyway.
Rutherford as an icon seems rounder and more relatable with the truth out. Can the same be said about Simmons?
In death, an irony linking Rutherford and Simmons is how each took a secret to her grave that was posthumously revealed. These were secrets that their times demanded they keep, but those times have passed. Now we can know their full stories and marvel at their determination to live the lives they envisioned for themselves, determination stoked by knowing each other.